Text 2.

“Hardware”

The functions of the hardware composing a computer can be divided broadly into the following five categories: Input; Storage; Operation; Control and Output.

The following are the units that implement the above-mentioned functions:

· Input unit: This unit inputs the data and programs for computer processing. It is equivalent to the human eyes and ears.

· Storage unit: This unit stores the input data and programs. It is equivalent to the memory section of the human brain.

· Arithmetic unit: This unit conducts calculation and decision on the stored data according to the instructions of the program. It is equivalent to the thinking section of the human brain.

· Control unit: This unit controls the input unit, storage unit, arithmetic unit and the output unit. It is equivalent to the human central nervous system.

· Output unit: This unit outputs the results of computer processing in a format that can be understood by humans. It is equivalent to the human hands and mouth.

These five units are called the "computer five main units".

Since the control unit and the arithmetic unit are handled as one unit, they are called the processor (processing unit) or central processing unit (CPU). The general term "peripheral devices" is used to refer to the input unit, the output unit and the auxiliary storage devices that are outside the processor and exchange data with the main storage unit.

Likewise, the storage units are divided into main storage unit and auxiliary storage device, depending on their functions.

(1)    RAM (Random Access Memory)

The RAM is semiconductor memory in which data writing and reading is possible. When the computer is turned off, the stored data is lost. This property is called volatility. Since most main storage units are composed of RAMs, the processor can be made to read and write information from the main storage unit at random by specifying the address.

RAMs are classified into DRAMs and SRAMs.

1)DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

A DRAM represents bits, and stores information depending on whether the part called capacitor is being charged (status "1") or is not being charged (status "0").

Since the circuits are simple and small, RAMs of large capacity can be created at low cost. However, since the charge stored in the capacitor is lost after a lapse of time, the memory needs to be rewritten (recharged) at regular intervals. This operation is called refreshing. Once, DRAMs were used in the main storage unit, but currently they are also used in storage units, etc., contained in the input/output units of printers and other devices.

          2)SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

Due to the progress of IC technology, and the consequent substantial improvement of the performance of processors, the operating speed of the DRAMs that composed the storage unit could not keep up with the operating speed of the processors. For that reason, an external clock signal that indicates the processor operation timing is now set in the DRAM and through synchronization with this signal, complicated address specifications are reduced and simplified, enabling the development of DRAMs that operate at high speeds. These types of DRAMs are called synchronous DRAMs (SDRAM).

3)SRAM (Static RAM)

SRAMs are created with a circuit called the flip-flop. The flip-flop settles the output according to the previous input and the current input, and can preserve the status "1" and "0" inside the circuit. Since data is not lost unless the computer is turned off, memory refreshing is not necessary. However, since SRAM circuits are complicated, the memory capacity is smaller than that of DRAMs and the cost is higher. However, since its processing speed is high, it is used in devices such as the registers contained in main storage units and processors.

(2)    ROM (Read Only Memory)

The ROM is semiconductor memory for read use only. Since programs and data are stored in the ROM from the beginning, the stored information is not lost even if the computer is turned off. This property is called nonvolatility.

ROMs are classified into mask ROMs and user programmable ROMs.

          1)Mask ROM

Since programs and data are already written in the Mask ROM before it is shipped by the manufacturer, the user cannot add any programs or data. Mask ROMs are used in the memories of game cassettes and IPL (Initial Program Loader), a program used to start the computer, etc.

2)User programmable ROM

The user programmable ROM is a type of ROM, but since at the time it is shipped by the manufacturer it has nothing stored in it, the user can write data into it once. The following types of user programmable ROM exist

·   PROM (Programmable ROM): Once data has been written, it cannot be erased.

·   EPROM (Erasable PROM): It can be erased with ultraviolet light and rewritten.

·   EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): It can be erased through the application of electrical voltage and rewritten.

EEPROM is used in a storage medium called flash memory, which is used in the registration of image data of digital cameras, etc. Likewise, it is also used in the storage section of IC cards, etc.

Text 1.

The summary of the book:The Irwin handbook of Telecommunications

The book is divided into five parts, as were previous editions, corresponding to major divisions in telecommunications equipment. Chapter One is an introduction to voice and data. The remainder of Part One is devoted to concepts that are common to the industry. In Part One, we discuss voice and data fundamentals, pulse code modulation, outside plant, structured wiring, access technologies, local area network principles, and the other building blocks of telecommunication networks.

Part Two covers switching. The part begins with a discussion of signaling, including new protocols Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and ENUM, which are new since the last edition, and hold considerable promise for the future. A chapter on the public switched telephone network follows, discussing how it works and the quality requirements that IP must achieve to support voice. Two chapters follow to explain in overview how local and toll switches and integrated services digital network (ISDN) function. Circuit switching has been at the heart of the telephone industry for more than a century and retains stability and service quality that packet technologies cannot yet provide. We devote a chapter to it. Part Two ends with a discussion of softswitches, which are a new generation of IP switches that serve advanced IP networks.

Part Three covers transmission equipment. Separate chapters discuss the fundamental technologies of fiber optics, microwave radio, satellite transmission, cellular and PCS radio systems, wireless, and video. Fiber lies at the heart of the telecommunications infrastructure and is arguably the most important development in the industry’s history. It displaced long-haul microwave, but that technology is becoming more important than ever with an emphasis on communications mobility. Customer demand is fueling a host of new wireless services and protocols that operate in the microwave bands and are receiving a great deal of attention. Video is also becoming a vital Internet access service, and more. The new hybrid fiber-coaxial cable architecture enables cable to compete with the conventional telephone system.

Part Four discusses customer premise equipment. As with the public telephone network, customer premise switching is evolving to IP. We begin this part with a discussion of station equipment, followed by a chapter that discusses features that customer premise switching equipment supports. Chapters follow on conventional digital switching and the newer IP switching. We next discuss automatic media distribution systems, which are evolving from the older automatic call distribution systems. These respond to customer demands for contact alternatives besides the telephone. Other chapters discuss voice processing, electronic messaging, and facsimile.

Part Five pulls together the building blocks we have discussed in the earlier chapters into completed and functioning telecommunications networks. This part illustrates the tremendous variety of alternatives that are available and discusses how and where they are applied. We begin this part with the discussion of enterprise networks, which is a blanket term covering the networks organizations use to link the enterprise. Following that, other chapters cover metropolitan area networks, wide area data networks, frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode, and IP data networks. The IP chapter discusses multi-protocol label switching (MPLS), which is evolving into a platform for handling multimedia applications over IP networks. We discuss testing and network management systems and how they are evolving to enable humans to cope with the increasing complexity of modern networks. The final chapter in the book looks ahead a few years with a view of where telecommunications technology is headed.

"ENGLISH DAY" Contest

Approved by ............................ Ch.Zolzaya (Head, Department of English Studies)

 “Video Project” competition will be held on April 19 on the occasion of “English Day Celebration”

between the students who are studying “English for Specific Purpose”/ S. ESP310/. Students will work together in a team to create the VIDEO-PROJECT that details the given topics. The presentation should include appropriate photographs, video, music, graphs, and other visual aids. The final project should

be turned into a DVD in a Full Quality QuickTime movie format.

TOPICS for VIDEO-PROJECT:

-The Effects of Technology on Learning English

(The Impact of Using Technology in Learning English)

-Technology in Everyday Life

Video Project Rubric

           

ACTIVITY	Exemplary	Proficient	Partially Proficient	Incomplete	POINTS
Concept	15-20 points Has a clear picture of what they are trying to achieve. Adequate description of what they are trying to do and generally how his/her work will contribute to the final project.	10-14 points Has a fairly clear picture of what they are trying to achieve. Can describe what they are trying to do overall but has trouble describing how his/her work will contribute to the final project.	5-9 points Has brainstormed their concept, but no clear focus has emerged. Goals/final product not clearly defined.	0-4 points Little effort has been spent on brainstorming and refining a concept. Unclear on the goals and how the project objectives will be met.
Script/ Storyboard	12-15 points The storyboard illustrates the video presentation structure with thumbnail sketches of each scene. Notes of proposed transition, special effects, sound and title tracks incl: text, color, placement, graphics, etc. Notes about proposed dialogue/narration text are included.	8-11 points The storyboard includes thumbnail sketches of each video scene and includes text for each segment of the presentation, descriptions of background audio for each scene, and notes about proposed shots and dialogue.	4-7 points The thumbnail sketches on the storyboard are not in logical sequence and do not provide complete descriptions of the video scenes, audio background, or notes about the dialogue.	0-3 points There is no evidence of a storyboard or script.
Content/ Organization	15-20 points The content includes a clear statement of purpose or theme and is creative, compelling and clearly written. A rich variety of supporting information in the video contributes to the understanding of the project’s main idea. Events and messages are presented in a logical order. Includes properly cited sources.	10-14 points Information is presented as a connected theme with accurate, current supporting information that contributes to understanding the project’s main idea. Details are logical and persuasive information is effectively used. The content includes a clear point of view with a progression of ideas and supporting information.	5-9 points The content does not present a clearly stated theme, is vague, and some of the supporting information does not seem to fit the main idea or appears as a disconnected series of scenes with no unifying main idea.	0-4 points Content lacks a central theme, clear point of view and logical sequence of information. Much of the supporting information is irrelevant to the overall message..
Quality	12-15  points Movie was completed and had all required elements. The video was well edited and moves smoothly from scene to scene with proper use of transitions. Audio and other enhancements were well used.	8-11 points Movie was completed and contained all required items. Editing was not done as well as it should have been. Some poor shots remain. Movie is still somewhat choppy. Audio and other enhancements were utilized, but not for maximum effect.	4-7 points Movie was made, but had very little if any editing. Many poor shots remain. Video was very fragmented and choppy with little to no audio reinforcement.	0-3 points There was no movie, or tape was totally unedited with no transitions or audio support of any kind.
Teamwork	12-15 points Student met and had discussions regularly. All students on the team contributed to the discussion and were part of the final project. Team members showed respect with each other.	8-11 points Students met and had discussions regularly. Most of the students on the team contributed to the discussion and were part of the final project. Team members mostly showed respect with each other.	4-7 points Only a couple of team meetings were held. Most of the students on the team contributed at some level, but a majority of the work was done by one or two.	0-3 points Meetings were not held and/or some of the team members did not contribute at all to the project. Low levels of respect were evident within the team.
Timeliness	12-15 points All project deadlines were met.	8-11 points Most project deadlines were met. Those that were late did not have significant impact on the finished project.	4-7 points Many project deadlines were not met, resulting in some impact on the finished project.	0-3 points Deadlines were regularly missed, having a significant impact on the final project.
Final Score

Teachers who are responsible for branch schools at MUST

№	Schools	Teachers	Deadline
1	Power Engineering	Ch.Zolzaya, Ch.Solongo	April 19
2	Civil and Architectural Engineering	A.Mungunchimeg,P.Baymbajav, T.Gerelmaa	April 19
3	Geology and Mining	J.Gantsetseg, B.Banzragch, T.Tsend-Auysh	April 19
4	Industry and Technology	S.Dugarmaa, N.Oyuntsetseg	April 19
5	Mechanic and Transportation	S.Sarantuya, G.Ariunaa, B.Burmaa	April 19
6	Applied Science	N.Altanzul	April 19
7	Business Administration and Humanity	R.Narantsetseg, A.Navchaa	April 19
8	Information and Telecommunication	D.Bayarmaa, A.Bolormaa	April 19